Why Was Most Art During the Middle Ages Concerned With Religious Themes?

Medieval and Renaissance Literature

Chaucer's Pilgrim

Timeline:

55BC-410: Latin speaking Romans occupy England
450: Romans withdrew from England and Germanic tribes (Angals and Saxons) invade
577: England converts to Christianity
800: Wave of Viking invasions

1006-1087:
1000: Approximate year Beowulf was written
1066: Norman invasion of England
1075: Pope Gregory VII declares the supremacy of the church
-King William the Conquistador was in power, died in 1087

1087-1135:
1087-1110: Reign of King William Rufus
1110-1135: Rex Henry I
1099: First Crusade

1135-1154:
King Stephen
1147: Second Crusade

1154-1189:
Male monarch Henry II
1170: Thomas Becket murdered in Canterbury Cathedral

1189-1199:
Rex Richard I
1190: Third crusade

1199-1216:
King John
1200: Fourth Crusade:
1212: Children'due south Crusade
1215: Magna Carta Signed

1216-1272:
King Henry III
1263-1267: The Barons war

1272-1307:
Male monarch Edward I

1337-1453: Hundred Years War

1360-1485:
Chaucer, Piers Plowman, Sir Gawain and the Green Knight
I of the outset books printed in England, Monte D'Arthur by Sir Thomas Malory
1425: Mystery Plays

1431: Joan of Arc Burned
1432: The Book of Margery Kempe
1475: The Shepard'south Play
1485: William Caxton prints first successful book in England

1486-1575:

1455-1485:
War of the Roses
Everyman
Sir Thomas Wyatt
1485/1509: Accession of Henry VII
1517: Start of Reformation

1575-1603
Sir Walter Raleigh
Sir Philip Sydney
1588: Defeat of Castilian Armada
Christopher Marlowe
Spenser The Faerie Queen

1603-1660
Rex James I: first of Stuart Kings
Shakespeare: Hamlet
1612: Expiry of Prince Henry
1616: Death of Shakespeare
1618: xxx Years War
King Charles I
Shakespeare, plays and sonnets
John Donne Poems
1642: Civil War
1648: Second Civil War
1649 Charles I executed
1667 Paradise Lost

Introduction

Medieval Overview

Although there is no official consensus regarding the verbal beginning and terminate of the Medieval Period, it is about commonly associated with the collapse of the Roman Empire, around the 5th century, and leading up all the mode to the 15th century, which is widely considered (though the exact beginning is disputed) the starting time of the Renaissance Flow. This time menstruation is usually known every bit The Middle Ages was commonly regarded by Renaissance thinkers as "The Night Ages."

On the continent, the evolution of Medieval literature–stemming from the preservation of culture and heroic adventures within epic poems–is a direct result of Charlemagne's desire to educate his people in 800, which was just made possible through an emphasis on the teachings of the Cosmic Church building. The Catholic Church created schools with an intensive curriculum founded upon the education of grammer, rhetoric, Latin, astronomy, philosophy and math. Christianity was legalized by the Roman Empire during the Fourth Century, and as a upshot, education as well as laws were overseen by the Church. The Church frequently wielded more power than the ofttimes-weak feudal monarchies that characterized medieval guild.

In the 12th Century, there arose a strong presence of chivalry in Medieval society which apace inhabited the literature of the time; the chivalric code was a moral code, or rather, a code of deport leap to duty, honor, and justice. Reflected within the texts of the time–the means in which characters are affected past loyalty, duty, and honor–the chivalric lawmaking was both a necessary platform for knighthood and good moral continuing. The presence of chivalry in Medieval Culture is exemplified in the representation of a merely and moral knight facing temptation and disharmonize in Sir Gawain and the Light-green Knight. Equally a result of the presence of knightly, courtly love gave ascent to an increased product and contemplation of romantic prose. While the press printing was invented in the Fifteenth Century, its touch on was not fully accomplished until the Renaissance. citations?

The Middles Ages tin can exist dissever up into iii periods: the Early on Middle Ages, the High Middle Ages, and the Late Eye Ages.
The Early Middle Ages typically signify the begging of the Medieval Era with the fall of Rome and continue until sometime in the 11th century. Anglo-Saxon tribes invaded England around 450 and they had a vast bear on on literature. The linguistic communication of theseinvaders is classified every bit Quondam English and is widely represented in Anglo-Saxon poetry (UMASS). One-time English poetry was passed downwards orally before it was written. The earliest written example is plant in the writing of Bede and his verse form Caedmon's Hymn. The Anglo–Saxon'south helped further spread Christianity by adapting to it; yet, Anglo-Saxon verse contains a thematic "heroic lawmaking" which blends with and sometimes contradicts Christian ideals. The "heroic code" places value on kinship, and emphasizes duty and vengeance for i's lord (Norton). I of the most popular Old English epic poems is Beowulf, which follows arrange of its relative Germanic literature with its heroic and Christian themes.
The High Center Ages are thought to accept begun around The Norman Invasion. Linguistically, this era brought about the transition from Old

The final page in Caxton'due south print of Morte Darthur. Image courtesy of The British Library.

English language to Middle English language, feudalism, and the Medieval "romance" which came from the French speaking Anglo-Normans. Romances characteristically revolve around similar themes of members of the lower nobility trying to ascension in status, the young entering adulthood and their fears, and individuals being bandage out of order and returning as part of a stronger unit of measurement. Th
e most pop romantic figure of this time is the character of Male monarch Arthur who arose in the 13th century. The Arthurian romance contains the chivalric lawmaking, involving knights, take chances, and accolade (LordsandLadies.org). Other popular romances of this time include Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, Geoffrey Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales, and William Langland's Piers Plowman.
The Tardily Eye Ages mark the finish of the Medieval era, which is estimated to accept ended around 1485, the year Henry 7 ascended to the throne, and the
Tudor dynasty began. This era contained the Hundred Years War, which ended in 1453, and the Blackness Death, which eliminated almost one-third of Europe'south population. In 1485, William Caxton introduced England to the art of printing books, when he published Sir Thomas Malory's Morte D' Arthur (Norton).

Role of Religion

A medieval church in Rome.
Image courtesy of:
http://cameronkirwan.wordpress.com/2012/12/

Co-ordinate to the History Learning Cite, the Church was absolutely the most important part of medieval guild. "The Church dominated everybody'due south lives." The only faith that existed was Christianity. All medieval people, regardless of their social rank, believed in God, Heaven, and Hel l, notwithstanding it was strongly believed that the only way they could become to Heaven is if the Roman Cosmic Church allowed them. Like to today, Hell was depicted as every person's worst nightmare, and Heaven was eternal paradise.
In that location are many reasons that the Church was and so dominant during medieval times, only a main reason is its farthermost wealthiness. The Church made money any way they could, but they fabricated bulk of their coin through tithes. A tithe is a tax that is one tenth of a persons yearly earnings or goods that had to exist given to the Church. Peasants obviously found information technology very hard to pay tithes because they take trouble making fifty-fifty enough money for themselves, so they had to pay with seeds or grain. Information technology was non an option to not pay a tithe because it was told that the punishment of non paying a tithe would result in eternal damnation. Other ways the Church became so wealthy was their constant charges for receiving sacraments. If one wanted to exist baptized, married, or cached there was a charge, and someone condign baptized and being cached on Holy Ground was another way to become to Sky. Marriage was very different in the medieval ages. Married couples were non immune to live together considering information technology was viewed as a sin. With all of this income from basically every person in guild the
Church was extremely well-off, and to keep the Church equally wealthy every bit possible they did non take to pay whatsoever taxes. It is said that The Church building was wealthier than whatever king in the world during this time period, and they saved most of their money. However, the coin that they did spend was on their structures such as churches or cathedrals. http://world wide web.historylearningsite.co.uk/medieval_church.htm

The actual construction of the Church was the center of all community activities. People would perform plays and at that place were always markets held outside of the Church. The Church was viewed as having the answers to everything and anything that would happen, especially when something bad happened. If in that location was a bad storm or an outbreak of disease, the church building was supposed to know why. The linguistic communication of the Church, Latin, was the but common linguistic communication spoken in all of Europe. Anyone who did not know Latin would not exist able to communicate. This just proves how important the Church building truly was. They determined the language of an entire continent. The Church held entirely all of the power in medieval times, and was very well-respected.
http://www.dcts.org/academics/documents/RomanCatholicChurchinMedievalEurope.pdf

Literary Genres in the Medieval Period (5th-15th Centuries)

Most scholars associate the start of the medieval period with the fall of the Roman Empire in 410AD. After the Romans withdrew, Germanic tribes invaded and spread their influence into England.
http://courseweb.stthomas.edu/medieval/chaucer/literarygenres.htm

Old English Period

Oral Poesy: There are not many recorded works from the Old English Period primarily because of the scarcity of people who were literate (generally express to clergy members). Oral poesy mainly carried Christian themes (since nothing was written down until there was heavy Christian influence we practice not know if these religious undertones were role of the original work), and ofttimes centered on the adventures of not bad heroic figures. Information technology was passed down over generations, which caused it to be continuously changed with each retelling. We may never know many great works of oral poesy, even so, it played a large role in impacting later written works. Most of Old English Verse is contained in only iv manuscripts, for instance, "The Wanderer."
http://www.uncp.edu/home/canada/piece of work/allam/general/glossary.htm

Oral poetry was commonly accompanied by the music of a harp. Epitome Courtesy of: http://cafe.themarker.com/image/1676379/

Early Middle English Period

Germanic Heroic Poetry: It started out beingness performed orally in alliterative verse but was later written down past scholars or clergymen. Oftentimes it was used to draw current events, and touched on themes, which invoke the aboriginal code of honor that obliges a warrior to avenge his slain lord or die abreast him. They evidence the aristocratic heroic and kinship values of Germanic society that continued to inspire both clergy and laity. The consequence of language in Germanic Heroic Poetry and Old English Verse was to formalize and elevate spoken language.

Anglo Saxon Literature:
Elegy: It is typically mournful or sad. It tin can be in the form of a funeral song o a lament for the expressionless. For example: "The Wanderer"

Center English language Literature:
Romance, Ladylike Romance: This was the most popular genre in the Center English period; information technology had a particular story construction that depicted the integration, disintegration, and reintegration of a primal hero. Usually the hero underwent a test or claiming that alienated them from society. It is exterior the world of every twenty-four hours experience or unnatural/magical. It was the principal narrative genre for late medieval readers and centrally concerned with dearest only information technology developed ways of representing psychological interiority with great subtlety. Though they began in French republic, their transition into English literature came about from simplified and translated versions of the original French works. Often, Romances, whether written for aristocratic audiences or lower class audiences, had to practice with a knight attempting to win the love of a woman of much higher grade, by showing the depth of his character through acts of morality, nobility, and bravery.
– A sub-genre of the romance was the Arth urian Legend: Stories that told well-nigh the legend of King Arthur and his Knights of the Round Tabular array.
– For example: Sir Gawain and the Green Knight

https://www.britannica.com/shakespeare/article-12775

King Arthur and his knights of the circular table. Prototype Courtesy of: http://merryfarmer.net/tag/arthurian-legend/

Apologue: An extended metaphor—where something is continuing for something else. It is a delineation of a common theme. An apologue tells a story that has characters, setting, and other symbols that serve both a literal and figurative purpose and point out a theme almost homo life. For Example, Piers Plowman or Everyman

Estates Satire: Represents the 3 estates, the clergy, the nobility, and everyone else. It satirizes gild with the purpose of presenting the flaws of something in an exaggerated way with the intent of drawing attention to create a solution for it. It examines society by groups based on class, occupation, role, status and other designations. For Example: The Canterbury Tales

Middle English language lyrics: A type of secular poetry. They were generally love poems although some were about social satire or the commemoration of earth and humanity; they were very passionate and not well-nigh God. The lyrics do not tell a long story (not an epic, odyssey, ballad) but rather about a unmarried thought or image. They have a very contemporary rhyme scheme and subject matter.

Autobiography: Just equally autobiographies today tell the story of a person's life through their point of view, early on autobiographies did the aforementioned matter. They generally depicted the trials and triumphs of a person'southward life and their internal thoughts about the thing. The get-go autobiography was The Book of Margery Kempe.

Drama: For the most part, drama rose to popularity in the later medieval period (yard-1500). Early dramas were typically very religious in theme, staging and tradition. Functioning of plays outside of the church became popular around the 12th century when they became more than widely accessible to the full general population. Plays were usually performed by a professional acting company that traveled from town to town on wagons and moving stages. Virtually theater companies were exclusively male. The Second Shepherds' Play

Morality Play: A type of drama that emerged around 1400 and became increasingly popular through out the century. They taught lessons nearly morality and human nature and used allegorical characters to portray the struggle that a person goes through to achieve salvation and the forces of good and evil. A morality tale could accept had either a serious or a comic plot.
– The Cock and the Fox, Everyman
http://world wide web.essential-humanities.net/western-art/literature/medieval/
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Morality+tale

Delineation of a mystery play performance.
Epitome courtesy of http://world wide web.props.eric-hart.com/

Religious Prose: Sought to explain the great truths of god, humanity, and the universe through an assay of Christian beliefs, focuses on sin, penance, and beloved.
– For Example: Margery Kempe
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/188217/English-literature/12775/Religious-prose

Secular Literature

There are few examples of secular piece of work during the Medieval menses equally a event of the influence of faith inside society. Secular Poetry was one of the main works of literature at this time. It was full of satire and irony apropos everyday life. The incline of popularity of these secular works led into the Renaissance. An important example of this type of poetry is The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer. Secular Medieval literature helped create a pathway for future authors in the Renaissance.

The Canterbury Tales is one of the about well known secular works from the Medieval period. Rather than focus on the Church and religion, The Canterbury Tales looks instead at other common ideas of the time, such as courtliness and company. This courtliness, or ladylike honey, could be found in many poems and other pieces of literature during this fourth dimension menstruation. Ladylike love is when a adult female is treated with utmost respect, care, and love from a knight. He will practise annihilation to make her happy, and her happiness and honey in turn makes the knight stronger and more respected. In The Canterbury Tales, courtly love can be establish in the Knight's Tale, a story about 2 knights who autumn in love with the aforementioned woman and must choose to honor either the code of courtly love or the lawmaking of chivalry. The theme of visitor is also nowadays throughout the entire poem. It is clear in that the pilgrims are traveling together and sharing each other'south visitor by learning nigh one another and sharing stories. Below is a link to an blithe version of The Knight's Tale. Other themes mutual in Medieval secular poetry are spring, dear, and politics. Many other satirized the community.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?five=deRyhTuny3w

Geoffrey Chaucer
Image Courtesy of
http://world wide web.luminarium.org/medlit/chaucer.htm
.
Equally the Renaissance began to rise throughout Europe, secularism and humanism became increasingly popular. This time brought on "the appreciation of worldly pleasures, and above all the intensified assertion of personal independence and private expression" (cite). Instead of focusing on the afterlife, people began focus on their current identify in life. They looked towards themselves and who they were as individual people instead of solely people of God. This time in history tin exist seen as the beginning of the turn to reason and the loss of faith. Similar to secular literature of the Medieval catamenia, secular literature of the Renaissance focused on worldly things, such equally spring and dear. The reason part of this literary period inspired essays on human characteristics and politics, with Francis Bacon being one of the most writers of these types of essays.

Women in the Literature

Throughout the Medieval period, women were viewed as second class citizens, and their needs e'er were an afterthought. They were either held to be completely deceitful, sexual, innocent or incompetent. Therefore, women were by and large withheld from positions of power or speaking their vox; males made decisions for them and their lives were dictated by the men that ran the society. Despite their lack of validation and suppression, however, women in Medieval literature were certainly present in many works and in various forms. Some tropes feed into the idea that women are subservient and inferior to men such as the Virgin, which portrays females as passive and weak, or the mother whose very life circles around making a better life for her family unit and particularly for her husband, or even the whore who has no power in her sexuality and must give it away for the well existence of her family or the men in society. Nonetheless, at that place are some archetypes that break this cycle like the Trickster or Witch who break the social norms and stand out, displaying qualities of cunning intelligence, intimidation, and power. The sections below will dive deeper into the disparity between how women were viewed in Medieval society and how they were portrayed in the literature of the time.

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Introduction to the Renaissance

As a whole, the Renaissance encompasses an incredibly large rebirth of cognition and learning that began in Italy in the fourteenth century. By the Sixteenth Century, Renaissance thinking spread from Italy, reaching north towards England. The advances in knowledge which identify the shift from Medieval Literature to Renaissance Literature were dependent upon a return to classical thought within the literature and philosophies of antiquity. This return to classical ideas and worldview gave ascent to Humanism, which asserted the value of man, his nobility, and his lack of limitations. As a result, there was a shift in accent from the contemplative life of the Medieval human to the involved life of the Renaissance man: well-rounded, agile, and involved with the globe effectually him. Nigh notably, Humanists provided gild with a pervasive and overarching sense of humanity.

Renaissance Literature also mimicked changes in civilization; turning abroad from primarily religious thinking and placing importance on classical idea, Renaissance thinkers conjured new philosophies from the teachings of Plato and Aristotle. Sexual love was seen as the presence of spiritual bonds in literature, arising from new plant knowledge of Platonic love. Some Neoplatonists believed there to be a link between attaining knowledge (as knowledge of science was seen as factual representations or understanding of the world) and relationship with God or the Divine. Citation?

This shift in governing thought process led to a new world view which negated the catholic worldview present in Medieval Literature. While Renaissance thinkers would avoid drawing comparisons between themselves and the thinkers of the Centre Ages–"According to them, the Middle Ages were set in the "middle" of 2 much more than valuable historical periods, antiquity and their own."–similarities between the two are ever-present, specifically in regards to the remnants of Medieval worldview which extend its conventionalities of The Great Concatenation of Being deep into Renaissance culture and literature. Commendation The exaltation of man's power propagated past Humanism, created discomfort and confusion in light of The Great Chain of Existence. Since man's bureau was believed to exist limitless, his place within The Great Concatenation of Being was complicated. This struggle of human aspiration within a globe still governed past The Groovy Concatenation of Being is depicted within Christopher Marlowe'due south Doctor Faustus.

In the Sixteenth Century, every bit a upshot of systemic corruption within the Church (e.g., simony and the selling of indulgences), protestants desired reformation of the Church. The Protestant Reformation, which the movement came to be, left Europe no longer united; the religious criticisms of Martin Luther fragmented the Church earlier long–after gaining him excommunication from the Church–and gave rising to Henry VIII's political separation of the Church of England from Rome. Through the rejection of the Church building, the Reformation placed importance on the role of the individual, in that authorization of religious teaching was reliant upon the text rather than the establishment. With that beingness said, the renewed interest in the Bible a slice of literature led to its unforeseeable influence in modern literature, where Biblical allusions and symbols were experimented with; this influence is visible in the works of John Donne (Holy Sonnets), John Milton (Paradise Lost), and Andrew Marvell ("The Garden").

The spread of literacy and cognition throughout this period was greatly influenced by the invention of Gutenburg's printing press, which slowly made the majority of literature more widely attainable.

Secular Works of The Renaissance

The Renaissance saw the end of feudal rule, and made efforts to establish a fundamental government. This new prominence of politics–the rise and fall of kings–framed the narrative for many of Shakespeare'southward plays, besides as Machiavelli'southward The Prince, a treatise on proper governing practices–all of which tend to hinge upon ruthless rule.

Women's Role During The Renaissance Flow

For the most part, women remained still remained somewhat suppressed in this time menstruation. The fact that the new ruler was in fact, Queen Elizabeth, was upsetting to many.

"Many men seem to take regarded the capacity for rational thought equally exclusively male; women, they assumed, were led but by their passions. While gentlemen mastered the arts of rhetoric and warfare, gentlewomen were expected to display the virtues of silence and adept housekeeping. Among upper-grade males, the will to boss others was acceptable and indeed admired; the same will in women was condemned as a grotesque and dangerous aberration." (The Norton Anthology: English Literature: The Sixteenth Century/The Early Seventeenth Century, Volume B)

Women also lacked the ability to attend schools and universities too. Although because of the importance of reading scripture in the Protestant religion, women's literacy did somewhat improve, still the power to write was incredibly rare. Therefore, any works produced by women at this time are very scarce.

Portrait of Queen Elizabeth
Photograph courtesy of Wikipedia

The Role of Religion During The Renaissance Menses

At the offset of the sixteenth century, Catholicism still reigned as the primary organized religion in England. It still dictated nearly every important decision in a person's life, and considering most religious literature, virtually notably the Bible, was printed in Latin, the clergy members held a great deal of power because of their literacy to interpret these works. Nonetheless, Martin Luther, a fundamental figure in the massive shift in religious civilization known as "The Reformation", began to question the ideas of the Roman Catholic Church. This idea quickly caught on, partly due to the ability to widely distribute cloth through the printing printing, and spread like wildfire throughout Europe. Although the violent shift betwixt Catholicism and Protestantism continued for several years, Queen Elizabeth eventually lead in a new era for England with her acceptance of the Protestant religion. The effect on literature at this fourth dimension menstruum was profound, considering when Catholicism was ascendant, Protestant works remained underground, and vice versa for periods of Protestantism too.

Some of the most notable authors and poets of the time include Edmund Spenser, the Earl of Surrey, Sir Philip Sydney, Ben Jonson, Aemilia Lanyer, Robert Greene, and, of course, William Shakespeare.

Literary and Cultural Contexts

Medieval Drama: Mystery and Morality Plays

The Elizabethan Theatre

The Development of the Book in Medieval and Renaissance Lodge

The Reformation and British Club

The Elizabethan Sonnet Sequence

The Medieval University

Literary Consciousness in Medieval and Renaissance Literature

Authors

John Donne
George Herbert
Richard Lovelace
Christopher Marlowe
Andrew Marvell
John Milton
Sir Philip Sidney
Edmund Spenser
Sir Thomas Wyatt the Elder

References

The American Heritage English Dictionary. "Morality Play." The Costless Online Dictionary. Houghtan Mifflin Company, 2009. Web. December v, 2013. <http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Morality+tale>.

The British Library Digitized Manuscripts. Morte Darthur.
http://britishlibrary.typepad.co.uk/digitisedmanuscripts/2012/xi/rediscovering-malory-digitising-the-morte-darthur.html

Baker, Peter. "English Literature." Encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopedia Britannica Inc., April 26, 2012. Web. December v, 2013. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/188217/English-literature/12775/Religious-prose>.

"The Canterbury Tales: The Knight's Tale" Shmoop. Shmoop University, Inc. n.d. Web. 7 Dec 2013 <http://www.shmoop.com/knights-tale/>.

Chaucer'south Pilgrim. From the Ellesmere Manuscript. Wikimedia Commons.
https://sites.udel.edu/britlitwiki/files//2018/06/FileChaucer_ellesmere.jpg

"English language Literature." Encyclopedia Britannica'southward Guide to Shakespeare. Encyclopedia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. December five, 2013. <https://www.britannica.com/shakespeare/article-12775>.

Fletcher, Humphrey. "Medieval Literature." Essential Humanities. 2008. Web. December 5, 2013. <http://world wide web.essential-humanities.net/western-art/literature/medieval/>.

"Introduction to the Renaissance." Introduction to the Renaissance. N.p., n.d. Spider web. 06 Dec. 2012.

Kreis, Steven. "Renaissance Humanism." The History Guide: Lectures on Modern European Intellectual History. The History Guide, 13 Apr 2012. Spider web. 7 Dec 2013. <http://www.historyguide.org/intellect/humanism.html>.

"Medieval Order and Culture." Medieval Life & The Hundred Years War. N.p., 1994. Web. 1 Dec. 2012.

St. Thomas University. "Medieval Literary Genres." Medieval Literary Genres. 2003. Web. December five, 2013. <http://courseweb.stthomas.edu/medieval/chaucer/literarygenres.htm>.

Smith, Nicole. "Representations of Women in Medieval Literature." Article Myriad. N.p., six Dec. 2011. Web. 01 Dec. 2012.
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"The Medieval Church." The Medieval Church. N.p., north.d. Web. 30 Nov. 2013.

"History Alive! The Medieval Globe." The Role of the Church in Medieval Europe. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Nov. 2013.
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Source: https://sites.udel.edu/britlitwiki/medieval-and-renaissance-literature/

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